Modal’ların geçmiş hali diyebiliriz.
Cümle yapısı:
I/You/We/They/He/She/It + Modal + have + V3
Must have: gelmiş olmalı, gitmiş olmalı Bariz olan şeylerden, mantıksal bir çıkarımdan bahseder.
Should have: gelmeliydi, gitmeliydi
May/Might have: gelme ihtimali vardı, gitme ihtimali vardı
Would have: gelirdi, giderdi
Could have: gelebilirdi, gidebilirdi
He should have been here half an hour ago. Yarım saat önce burada olmalıydı.
He must have been here half an hour ago. Yarım saat önce buraya gelmiş olmalı.
”Should have” dediğimizde, buraya gelmiş olmalıydı ama gelmedi anlamı taşırken, “Must have” ise buraya gelmiş ve kanıt bırakmış ama şu anda burada değil gibi bir anlam taşır.
I shouldn’t have spent all of my money on electronics. Paramın tamamını elektronik eşyalara harcamamalıydım.
He could have been here half and hour ago. Yarım saat önce burada olabilirdi.
İstese olabilirdi ama olmadı gibi bir anlam çıkıyor.
I could have died out there. Orada ölebilirdim.
He could have left a note for me before he left. Gitmeden önce bir not bırakabilirdi.
"Can't" veya "Couldn't", geçmiş zamanda kullanılabiliyor Past Modal yapısını takip ettiği sürece. Anlamda da çok bir değişiklik olmuyor.
She can’t have lifted the heavy desk all by herself. O ağır masayı, tek başına kaldırmış olamaz.
I couldn’t have found a better solution Ben, daha iyi bir çözüm bulamazdım.
He can’t have enough votes because almost nobody in this town likes him. Yeterince oy almış olamaz çünkü bu şehirdeki neredeyse hiç kimse onu sevmiyor. He must have cheated. Hile yapmış olmalı.
He might have cheated. Hile yapmış olabilir.
He may not have cheated. Hile yapmamış olabilir.
He could have cheated. Hile yapmış olabilir.
I would have helped you last week but I was overwhelmed. Geçen hafta sana yardım ederdim ama işim başımdan aşkındı.
I would have helped you last week if I hadn’t been overwhelmed. Eğer geçen hafta işim başımdan aşkın olmasaydı, yardım ederdim.
EXAMPLE
There must have been two dozen Peters and Pauls at the wedding.
Paulie, you shouldn’t have.
You must have been a beautiful baby.
I am just speculating that maybe in some way, you may have wanted him to die.
I could have saved him.
I should have said something.
You couldh have saved him Paul.
I might have strayed from my notes a litle bit.
Elsa could have dropped the phone while running.
If you didn’t wanna do it, you should have said something.
She should have studied more for the exam.
He could have helped you with the project.
They might have missed the train.
I would have visited you if I had known you were in town.
She must have forgotten her keys at home.
He should not have driven after drinking.
They could have finished the race if they had trained harder.
I would have bought that dress if it had been on sale.
She might have left her phone in the car.
He must have lost his way because he’s not here yet.
She should have double-checked the directions before leaving.
He may have left his wallet at the restaurant.
They should not have ignored the warning signs.
I would have joined the club if I had more free time.
She could have called to let us know she’d be late.
He must have misunderstood the instructions.
They might have taken a wrong turn on the way to the party.
I should have brought an umbrella; it’s raining heavily now.
She would have been happier if she had chosen a different career.
He must have misplaced his glasses because he can’t find them anywhere.